Btu Per Gallon Of Ethanol

Form of thermal efficiency

Fuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio of effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic free energy or piece of work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in plough may vary per awarding, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated equally a continuous energy profile. Non-transportation applications, such equally industry, do good from increased fuel efficiency, particularly fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process.

In the context of ship, fuel economy is the free energy efficiency of a detail vehicle, given every bit a ratio of distance traveled per unit of fuel consumed. It is dependent on several factors including engine efficiency, manual design, and tire design. In most countries, using the metric system, fuel economic system is stated equally "fuel consumption" in liters per 100 kilometers (50/100 km) or kilometers per liter (km/L or kmpl). In a number of countries yet using other systems, fuel economy is expressed in miles per gallon (mpg), for example in the US and normally besides in the U.k. (imperial gallon); at that place is sometimes defoliation as the royal gallon is 20% larger than the The states gallon so that mpg values are non directly comparable. Traditionally, litres per mil were used in Kingdom of norway and Sweden, merely both have aligned to the EU standard of L/100 km. ^[one]

Fuel consumption is a more than accurate measure of a vehicle's performance because it is a linear relationship while fuel economy leads to distortions in efficiency improvements.^[2] H Weight-specific efficiency (efficiency per unit of measurement weight) may be stated for freight, and passenger-

specific efficiency (vehicle efficiency per passenger) for passenger vehicles.

Vehicle pattern [edit]

Fuel efficiency is dependent on many parameters of a vehicle, including its engine parameters, aerodynamic drag, weight, Ac usage, fuel and rolling resistance. At that place have been advances in all areas of vehicle design in contempo decades. Fuel efficiency of vehicles tin can also exist improved past careful maintenance and driving habits.^[3]

Hybrid vehicles apply two or more ability sources for propulsion. In many designs, a small combustion engine is combined with electrical motors. Kinetic energy which would otherwise be lost to estrus during braking is recaptured as electrical power to ameliorate fuel efficiency. Engines automatically close off when vehicles come up to a end and start again when the accelerator is pressed preventing wasted free energy from idling.^[4]

Fleet efficiency [edit]

Armada efficiency describes the average efficiency of a population of vehicles. Technological advances in efficiency may be kickoff past a alter in ownership habits with a propensity to heavier vehicles, which are less efficient, all else being equal.

Free energy efficiency terminology [edit]

Free energy efficiency is similar to fuel efficiency but the input is usually in units of energy such as megajoules (MJ), kilowatt-hours (kW·h), kilocalories (kcal) or British thermal units (BTU). The inverse of "free energy efficiency" is "energy intensity", or the corporeality of input energy required for a unit of output such as MJ/passenger-km (of passenger send), BTU/ton-mile or kJ/t-km (of freight transport), GJ/t (for product of steel and other materials), BTU/(kW·h) (for electricity generation), or litres/100 km (of vehicle travel). Litres per 100 km is besides a measure of "free energy intensity" where the input is measured by the amount of fuel and the output is measured by the distance travelled. For example: Fuel economy in automobiles.

Given a heat value of a fuel, it would be little to convert from fuel units (such as litres of gasoline) to energy units (such equally MJ) and conversely. Just there are two bug with comparisons made using free energy units:

• There are two dissimilar heat values for any hydrogen-containing fuel which can differ by several percent (see beneath).
• When comparison transportation energy costs, it must be remembered that a kilowatt hour of electric energy may require an amount of fuel with heating value of 2 or iii kilowatt hours to produce it.

Energy content of fuel [edit]

The specific energy content of a fuel is the estrus energy obtained when a certain quantity is burned (such as a gallon, litre, kilogram). It is sometimes called the oestrus of combustion. There exists 2 unlike values of specific oestrus energy for the same batch of fuel. One is the high (or gross) heat of combustion and the other is the low (or internet) oestrus of combustion. The high value is obtained when, after the combustion, the water in the exhaust is in liquid course. For the low value, the exhaust has all the h2o in vapor form (steam). Since h2o vapor gives up heat energy when information technology changes from vapor to liquid, the liquid water value is larger since it includes the latent estrus of vaporization of water. The departure between the high and low values is significant, near 8 or 9%. This accounts for most of the apparent discrepancy in the heat value of gasoline. In the U.Due south. (and the table) the high heat values accept traditionally been used, merely in many other countries, the low heat values are commonly used.

Fuel blazon	MJ/L	MJ/kg	BTU/imp gal	BTU/US gal	Research octane number (RON)
Regular gasoline/petrol	34.8	~47	150,100	125,000	Min. 91
Premium gasoline/petrol		~46			Min. 95
Autogas (LPG) (lx% propane and 40% butane)	25.5–28.7	~51			108–110
Ethanol	23.v	31.1[v]	101,600	84,600	129
Methanol	17.9	nineteen.9	77,600	64,600	123
Gasohol (ten% ethanol and 90% gasoline)	33.7	~45	145,200	121,000	93/94
E85 (85% ethanol and 15% gasoline)	25.2	~33	108,878	90,660	100–105
Diesel	38.6	~48	166,600	138,700	Northward/A (encounter cetane)
Biodiesel	35.1	39.ix	151,600	126,200	N/A (see cetane)
Vegetable oil (using 9.00 kcal/g)	34.3	37.7	147,894	123,143
Aviation gasoline	33.5	46.8	144,400	120,200	80-145
Jet fuel, naphtha	35.five	46.6	153,100	127,500	Due north/A to turbine engines
Jet fuel, kerosene	37.vi	~47	162,100	135,000	N/A to turbine engines
Liquefied natural gas	25.3	~55	109,000	90,800
Liquid hydrogen	09.3	~130	40,467	33,696

^[6]

Neither the gross heat of combustion nor the net heat of combustion gives the theoretical amount of mechanical energy (work) that can be obtained from the reaction. (This is given by the modify in Gibbs free energy, and is around 45.7 MJ/kg for gasoline.) The actual amount of mechanical work obtained from fuel (the inverse of the specific fuel consumption) depends on the engine. A figure of 17.6 MJ/kg is possible with a gasoline engine, and nineteen.1 MJ/kg for a diesel engine. See Brake specific fuel consumption for more information.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Fuel efficiency of motor vehicles [edit]

Measurement [edit]

The fuel efficiency of motor vehicles can be expressed in more means:

• Fuel consumption is the amount of fuel used per unit of measurement distance; for instance, litres per 100 kilometres (50/100 km). The lower the value, the more than economic a vehicle is (the less fuel information technology needs to travel a certain distance); this is the measure mostly used across Europe (except the Britain, Denmark and The netherlands - see beneath), New Zealand, Australia and Canada. Also in Uruguay, Paraguay, Guatemala, Colombia, Cathay, and Madagascar.^{[ citation needed ]}, as likewise in postal service-Soviet infinite.
• Fuel economy is the distance travelled per unit of measurement book of fuel used; for example, kilometres per litre (km/L) or miles per gallon (MPG), where ane MPG (majestic) ≈ 0.354006 km/Fifty. The higher the value, the more economic a vehicle is (the more than distance it can travel with a certain volume of fuel). This measure is popular in the United states of america and the U.k. (mpg), merely in Europe, Bharat, Japan, South korea and Latin America the metric unit km/L is used instead.

The formula for converting to miles per Usa gallon (iii.7854 50) from L/100 km is ${\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {235.215}{10}}}$ , where ${\displaystyle 10}$ is value of L/100 km. For miles per Imperial gallon (4.5461 L) the formula is ${\displaystyle \textstyle {\frac {282.481}{x}}}$ .

In parts of Europe, the two standard measuring cycles for "litre/100 km" value are "urban" traffic with speeds up to l km/h from a cold start, and so "extra urban" travel at various speeds up to 120 km/h which follows the urban test. A combined effigy is also quoted showing the total fuel consumed in divided by the full altitude traveled in both tests.

Statistics [edit]

A reasonably mod European supermini and many mid-size cars, including station wagons, may manage thruway travel at 5 Fifty/100 km (47 mpg The states/56 mpg imp) or 6.v L/100 km in city traffic (36 mpg US/43 mpg imp), with carbon dioxide emissions of around 140 g/km.

An boilerplate Due north American mid-size car travels 21 mpg (U.s.a.) (11 L/100 km) city, 27 mpg (United states) (ix L/100 km) highway; a full-size SUV usually travels 13 mpg (US) (18 L/100 km) city and 16 mpg (US) (15 L/100 km) highway. Pickup trucks vary considerably; whereas a iv cylinder-engined lite pickup tin achieve 28 mpg (8 50/100 km), a V8 total-size pickup with extended motel only travels 13 mpg (United states) (xviii L/100 km) city and 15 mpg (Usa) (15 L/100 km) highway.

The average fuel economic system for all vehicles on the road is college in Europe than the United States because the higher cost of fuel changes consumer behaviour. In the UK, a gallon of gas without tax would price US$1.97, only with taxes cost U.s.$6.06 in 2005. The boilerplate cost in the The states was US$2.61.^[vii]

European-congenital cars are generally more fuel-efficient than US vehicles. While Europe has many higher efficiency diesel cars, European gasoline vehicles are on average likewise more efficient than gasoline-powered vehicles in the Usa. Almost European vehicles cited in the CSI study run on diesel engines, which tend to reach greater fuel efficiency than gas engines. Selling those cars in the United States is difficult because of emission standards, notes Walter McManus, a fuel economy adept at the Academy of Michigan Transportation Enquiry Institute. "For the about part, European diesels don't run across U.S. emission standards", McManus said in 2007. Another reason why many European models are not marketed in the United States is that labor unions object to having the big 3 import any new strange built models regardless of fuel economic system while laying off workers at domicile.^[eight]

An example of European cars' capabilities of fuel economy is the microcar Smart Fortwo cdi, which tin accomplish up to iii.4 50/100 km (69.2 mpg US) using a turbocharged three-cylinder 41 bhp (thirty kW) Diesel engine. The Fortwo is produced by Daimler AG and is only sold by one company in the United States. Furthermore, the earth record in fuel economy of production cars is held past the Volkswagen Grouping, with special production models (labeled "3L") of the Volkswagen Lupo and the Audi A2, consuming as piddling equally 3 L/100 km (94 mpg_‑imp; 78 mpg_‑US).^{[ix] [ clarification needed ]}

Diesel fuel engines generally achieve greater fuel efficiency than petrol (gasoline) engines. Passenger auto diesel engines have energy efficiency of upward to 41% but more typically xxx%, and petrol engines of upwardly to 37.three%, but more typically twenty%. A mutual margin is 25% more than miles per gallon for an efficient turbodiesel.

For instance, the current model Skoda Octavia, using Volkswagen engines, has a combined European fuel efficiency of 41.3 mpg_‑US (5.70 Fifty/100 km) for the 105 bhp (78 kW) petrol engine and 52.three mpg_‑Usa (4.fifty L/100 km) for the 105 bhp (78 kW) — and heavier — diesel engine. The higher compression ratio is helpful in raising the energy efficiency, just diesel fuel also contains approximately 10% more than energy per unit volume than gasoline which contributes to the reduced fuel consumption for a given ability output.

In 2002, the The states had 85,174,776 trucks, and averaged thirteen.5 miles per US gallon (17.four Fifty/100 km; 16.two mpg_‑imp). Large trucks, over 33,000 pounds (15,000 kg), averaged 5.vii miles per US gallon (41 L/100 km; six.viii mpg_‑imp).^[10]

Truck fuel economy

GVWR lbs	Number	Percentage	Average miles per truck	fuel economic system	Percentage of fuel use
6,000 lbs and less	51,941,389	61.00%	11,882	17.six	42.seventy%
6,001 – 10,000 lbs	28,041,234	32.ninety%	12,684	14.3	thirty.50%
Light truck subtotal	79,982,623	93.ninety%	12,163	16.2	73.20%
10,001 – xiv,000 lbs	691,342	0.80%	xiv,094	10.5	ane.10%
14,001 – 16,000 lbs	290,980	0.30%	15,441	8.5	0.50%
16,001 – xix,500 lbs	166,472	0.20%	11,645	7.9	0.30%
19,501 – 26,000 lbs	one,709,574	ii.00%	12,671	7	iii.20%
Medium truck subtotal	2,858,368	3.40%	thirteen,237	eight	5.20%
26,001 – 33,000 lbs	179,790	0.xx%	30,708	vi.4	0.90%
33,001 lbs and upward	2,153,996	two.50%	45,739	5.7	20.70%
Heavy truck subtotal	two,333,786	ii.seventy%	44,581	5.8	21.60%
Full	85,174,776	100.00%	xiii,088	13.five	100.00%

The average economy of automobiles in the Usa in 2002 was 22.0 miles per US gallon (10.vii Fifty/100 km; 26.4 mpg_‑imp). Past 2010 this had increased to 23.0 miles per US gallon (x.ii L/100 km; 27.6 mpg_‑imp). Average fuel economy in the United States gradually declined until 1973, when it reached a low of 13.4 miles per US gallon (17.6 L/100 km; 16.one mpg_‑imp) and gradually has increased since, as a result of higher fuel toll.^[xi] A written report indicates that a 10% increment in gas prices will eventually produce a ii.04% increase in fuel economy.^[12] One method past car makers to increment fuel efficiency is lightweighting in which lighter-weight materials are substituted in for improved engine performance and treatment.^[thirteen]

Fuel efficiency in microgravity [edit]

How fuel combusts affects how much energy is produced. The National Helmsmanship and Space Assistants (NASA) has investigated fuel consumption in microgravity.

The common distribution of a flame nether normal gravity weather depends on convection, because soot tends to rise to the summit of a flame, such equally in a candle, making the flame yellow. In microgravity or aught gravity, such as an environment in outer space, convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a trend to go more than bluish and more than efficient. There are several possible explanations for this deviation, of which the nigh likely one given is the hypothesis that the temperature is evenly distributed enough that soot is not formed and consummate combustion occurs., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005. Experiments past NASA in microgravity reveal that diffusion flames in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidised later they are produced than diffusion flames on Globe, because of a series of mechanisms that behaved differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.LSP-one experiment results, National Aeronautics and Space Assistants, April 2005. Premixed flames in microgravity burn at a much slower charge per unit and more efficiently than fifty-fifty a candle on Earth, and last much longer.^[14]

Transportation [edit]

Fuel efficiency in transportation [edit]

Vehicle efficiency and transportation pollution [edit]

Fuel efficiency directly affects emissions causing pollution by affecting the amount of fuel used. Still, information technology also depends on the fuel source used to drive the vehicle concerned. Cars for instance, can run on a number of fuel types other than gasoline, such as natural gas, LPG or biofuel or electricity which creates diverse quantities of atmospheric pollution.

A kilogram of carbon, whether independent in petrol, diesel, kerosene, or any other hydrocarbon fuel in a vehicle, leads to approximately three.6 kg of CO_ii emissions.^[xv] Due to the carbon content of gasoline, its combustion emits 2.iii kg/L (nineteen.4 lb/US gal) of CO₂; since diesel is more than energy dense per unit of measurement volume, diesel emits 2.six kg/Fifty (22.two lb/US gal).^[15] This figure is only the CO₂ emissions of the final fuel product and does non include additional CO_ii emissions created during the drilling, pumping, transportation and refining steps required to produce the fuel. Additional measures to reduce overall emission includes improvements to the efficiency of air conditioners, lights and tires.

Driving technique [edit]

Many drivers have the potential to improve their fuel efficiency significantly.^[sixteen] These five basic fuel-efficient driving techniques tin can be effective. Simple things such as keeping tires properly inflated, having a vehicle well-maintained and avoiding idling tin dramatically meliorate fuel efficiency.^[17]

There is a growing community of enthusiasts known as hypermilers who develop and practice driving techniques to increment fuel efficiency and reduce consumption. Hypermilers accept broken records of fuel efficiency, for example, achieving 109 miles per gallon in a Prius. In not-hybrid vehicles these techniques are too benign, with fuel efficiencies of up to 59 mpg_‑US (4.0 L/100 km) in a Honda Accordance or 30 mpg_‑Us (vii.8 L/100 km) in an Acura MDX.^[xviii]

Advanced engineering improvements to ameliorate fuel efficiency [edit]

The most efficient machines for converting free energy to rotary motility are electric motors, equally used in electrical vehicles. However, electricity is not a main energy source so the efficiency of the electricity production has as well to be taken into account. Railway trains can be powered using electricity, delivered through an additional running runway, overhead catenary system or by on-lath generators used in diesel fuel-electrical locomotives as mutual on the U.s. and U.k. track networks. Pollution produced from centralised generation of electricity is emitted at a distant power station, rather than "on site". Pollution can be reduced past using more railway electrification and depression carbon power for electricity. Some railways, such as the French SNCF and Swiss federal railways derive near, if non 100% of their power, from hydroelectric or nuclear power stations, therefore atmospheric pollution from their rails networks is very low. This was reflected in a study by AEA Technology between a Eurostar train and airline journeys between London and Paris, which showed the trains on average emitting 10 times less CO_ii, per passenger, than planes, helped in part by French nuclear generation.^[nineteen]

Hydrogen fuel cells [edit]

In the hereafter, hydrogen cars may be commercially available. Toyota is test-marketing vehicles powered past hydrogen fuel cells in southern California, where a serial of hydrogen fueling stations has been established. Powered either through chemic reactions in a fuel jail cell that create electricity to drive very efficient electrical motors or past directly burning hydrogen in a combustion engine (most identically to a natural gas vehicle, and similarly compatible with both natural gas and gasoline); these vehicles promise to have near-nil pollution from the tailpipe (exhaust pipe). Potentially the atmospheric pollution could be minimal, provided the hydrogen is made by electrolysis using electricity from non-polluting sources such every bit solar, wind or hydroelectricity or nuclear. Commercial hydrogen product uses fossil fuels and produces more carbon dioxide than hydrogen.

Because there are pollutants involved in the manufacture and devastation of a auto and the production, transmission and storage of electricity and hydrogen, the label "cypher pollution" applies only to the car's conversion of stored energy into movement.

In 2004, a consortium of major auto-makers — BMW, Full general Motors, Honda, Toyota and Volkswagen/Audi — came up with "Top Tier Detergent Gasoline Standard" to gasoline brands in the Us and Canada that meet their minimum standards for detergent content^[20] and exercise not contain metallic additives. Tiptop Tier gasoline contains higher levels of detergent additives in order to prevent the build-up of deposits (typically, on fuel injector and intake valve) known to reduce fuel economic system and engine performance.^[21]

See likewise [edit]

• Annual fuel utilization efficiency (AFUE)
• ACEA agreement
• Alternative propulsion
• Camless piston engine
• Carbon dioxide equivalent
• Corporate Average Fuel Economy (Buffet)
• EcoAuto (in Canada)
• Efficient energy use
• Emission standard
• Energy content of Biofuel
• Free energy conservation
• Energy conversion efficiency
• Energy density
• FF layout
• Forepart-wheel drive
• Fuel economy in automobiles
• Fuel economy maximising behaviors
• Fuel efficiency in transportation
• Gas-guzzler
• Heating value
• Jevons paradox
• Life bike assessment
• Low-rolling resistance tires
• Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
• Marine fuel management
• Twinjet
• Variable valve timing
• Unibody
• Automobile costs
• Vehicle metrics

References [edit]

1. ^ "Data on the fuel consumption of new cars". Retrieved vii November 2019.
2. ^ "Learn More Virtually the Fuel Economic system Label for Gasoline Vehicles". Archived from the original on 2013-07-05.
3. ^ "Elementary tips and tricks to increase fuel efficiency of your motorcar | CarSangrah". CarSangrah. 2018-06-07. Retrieved 2018-07-24 .
4. ^ "How Hybrid Work". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2014-01-sixteen .
5. ^ Calculated from heats of germination. Does not correspond exactly to the figure for MJ/L divided by density.
6. ^ Appendix B, Transportation Energy Information Book from the Center for Transportation Analysis of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory
7. ^ "Gas prices likewise high? Endeavor Europe". Christian Scientific discipline Monitor. 26 August 2005. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012.
8. ^ "U.S. 'stuck in reverse' on fuel economic system". NBC News. 28 Feb 2007.
9. ^ "VW Lupo: Rough road to fuel economy".
10. ^ Heavy Vehicles and Characteristics Archived 2012-07-23 at the Wayback Auto Table 5.4
11. ^ Light Vehicles and Characteristics Archived 2012-09-fifteen at the Wayback Automobile Table iv.ane
12. ^ How Do Gasoline Prices Affect Fleet Fuel Economy? Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
13. ^ Dee-Ann Durbin of the Associated Printing, June 17, 2014, Mercury News, Auto industry gets serious about lighter materials Archived 2015-04-15 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved April 11, 2015, "...Automakers have been experimenting for decades with lightweighting... the effort is gaining urgency with the adoption of tougher gas mileage standards. ..."
14. ^ SOFBAL-2 experiment results Archived 2007-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.
15. ^ ^{a b} "Emission Facts: Average Carbon Dioxide Emissions Resulting from Gasoline and Diesel Fuel". Office of Transportation and Air Quality. United States Environmental Protection Bureau. February 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-02-28. Retrieved 2009-07-28 .
16. ^ Beusen; et al. (2009). "Using on-board logging devices to report the long-term impact of an eco-driving form". Transportation Enquiry D. 14 (vii): 514–520. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2009.05.009. Archived from the original on 2013-10-19.
17. ^ "20 Ways to Meliorate Your Fuel Efficiency and Save Coin at the Pump". Archived from the original on 2016-08-xvi.
18. ^ Gaffney, Dennis (2007-01-01). "This Guy Can Get 59 MPG in a Evidently Old Accord. Beat That, Punk". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on 2007-04-15. Retrieved 2007-04-20 .
19. ^ "Rail x times meliorate than air in London-Paris CO2 comparison - Ship & Surroundings". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28.
20. ^ Top Tier Gasoline Archived 2013-08-fifteen at the Wayback Machine
21. ^ "Deposit Control Standards". Archived from the original on 2004-08-06. Retrieved 2012-10-19 .

External links [edit]

• Usa Government website on fuel economy
• UK DfT comparisons on road and track
• NASA Offers a $1.five Million Prize for a Fast and Fuel-Efficient Aircraft
• Car Fuel Consumption Official Figures
• Spritmonitor.de "the most fuel efficient cars" - Database of thousands of (generally German) car owners' actual fuel consumption figures (cf. Spritmonitor)
• Searchable fuel economic system data from the EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency
• penghemat bbm - Alat penghemat bbm
• Ny Times: A Road Examination of Alternative Fuel Visions

Btu Per Gallon Of Ethanol,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency

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